Scientific Sessions

Cancer pathophysiology refers to the complex processes and mechanisms through which normal cells transform into malignant ones, leading to uncontrolled growth, invasion, and metastasis. This transformation begins with genetic mutations caused by factors such as carcinogens, radiation, viruses, or inherited mutations. These changes disrupt the regulation of cell growth, allowing cells to bypass apoptosis (programmed cell death), evade the immune system, and proliferate uncontrollably. Cancerous cells exhibit key hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, resistance to cell death, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), and the ability to invade neighboring tissues. Over time, these cells may spread to distant parts of the body via the blood or lymphatic systems, a process known as metastasis, which complicates treatment and worsens prognosis.

Understanding the pathophysiology of cancer is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes. Advances in molecular biology and genetics have revealed critical pathways involved in tumor development, such as the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Therapeutic approaches now focus on inhibiting these pathways, such as through monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment, comprising immune cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix components, plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and response to treatment. By studying the interactions within this microenvironment, researchers aim to enhance the effectiveness of current treatments and develop novel interventions. A comprehensive understanding of cancer pathophysiology not only aids in early diagnosis and precision medicine but also offers hope for better management of this multifaceted disease.